
In Visitors, I invite one person each month to share perspectives on a sport, a sporting event, sporting aspects or any thing in between. This month, Haakon Moerk from Norway joins us to give insights into Norway’s winter sports culture and history. If you would like to contribute for a future edition of Visitors, do not hesitate to e-mail me.
Like in many other countries, sports have a long history in Norway. Even in Snorre’s sagas about the medieval kings there are tales about young noblemen competing against each other, and taunting each other about their respective abilities. However, there exists little recorded history of organised ball games such as in England, Italy and the old Aztec empire, possibly due to the low population density and the long winters that prevented running freely. Instead, Norwegian sports legends concentrate on skiing and skating, and those two sports have retained a high position on the Norwegian ladder until this day.
The Norwegians claim that “the cradle of skiing” lies in Morgedal, Telemark, a small village with approximately 300 citizens. The skiing brothers Hemmestveit, along with ski inventor Sondre Norheim, all came from this snowy village, and dominated the Norwegian skiing scene for much of the 19th century. However, although skiing events, particularly ski jumping, had been hosted in the cities since the mid-1850s, the main cross-country skiers still came from rural settlements, where there was ample opportunity to practise - prepared skiing tracks in the forests around the cities were not yet used by most city dwellers.
While rural dwellers skied between places and developed cross-country and telemark skiing, and also the word “slalom”, speed skating developed as the city sport, as a kind of wintertime relative to track running. The first recorded speed skating race in Norway dates back to 1863, on the sea outside Oslo. Due to the ease of making a speed skating track in the city - often just a case of watering over an athletics track - people flocked to the stadias to watch their heroes, with the 1884 skating race involving the Norwegian skating pioneer Axel Paulsen and a Dutch champion, Renke van Der Zee, drew almost 30,000 spectators. By now, the skating administrators had determined the format that has been common in long track all through its remaining history: the skaters going in pairs against each other, with two marked lanes (the inner and outer) with the skaters changing after every lane, so that no skater could interfere with the other. In the end, the skater with the lowest time won, regardless of what pair he skated in. However, quadathlon (allround) tournaments were quickly introduced, so that the competition would not be immediately over after one race. In the beginning, the winner had to take three of the four races, but as distance specialisation became common and it became almost impossible to win three races, the “time points” (or converting the 5000- and 1500-metre times into how long it would take to skate a 500-metre with the same pace) were introduced.
Speed skating became a city sport because of viewer accessibility. Unlike all other winter sports bar ski jumping, all the action took place in front of the spectators, who could even time the athletes themselves if they so desired. By contrast, cross country skiing took place through the forests, with the athletes appearing one by one as they crossed the finish line. In addition, skating arenas were close to the major city centres, and were often used as football or athletics stadiums in summer. However, much the same applied to ski jumping, where the major event of the season took place at Holmenkollen - three miles outside Oslo. Thus, the ski jumpers, led by the Ruud family from Konsgberg, enjoyed good standing throughout the 30s, while the cross country skiers - who admittedly didn’t win much in competition with Swedes and Finns - were largely forgotten. They were also faced with competition from the athletes in Nordic combined, the ski jumping and cross country put together, using a complicated system similar to that in decathlon.
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